Polar bears are not native to Iceland. Prior to these two incidences there hadn't been a bear seen in Iceland in 20 years. More details here, and a map.

Fog-shrouded camp at the base of Coronation Glacier, Baffin Island

Click on the above image for a full-sized view. (5718 x 1293 787KB)

This view is an approximately 125 degree swing from the North, starting at the left, facing the flow of the glacier itself, across the East facing out into the Coronation Fiord, and then to some nameless small glacier on the far right that was continuously sloughing off debris.

Which brings to mind one aspect of the landscape that I couldn't help but notice: as seemingly still and devoid of plant life as it was, it felt like a world still being made; there was constantly noise from rock and ice fall, so the stillness was really illusionary.

Dave at ~5000 ft. Approaching the High Point of the Penny Ice Cap

I've been meaning to put something together on this trip for years, but never really have the time to dedicate to it, but I've at least finally uploaded scans of the pictures we took to a Flickr set and slideshow in more or less chronological order. I still need to work on annotating them and arranging them more carefully, but the overall sense of the trip is there.

The major goal of the trip was to reach the Penny Ice Cap via the Coronation Glacier. We had arranged for an outfitter to bring us from Broughton Island to the foot of Coronation Glacier, but because of deteriorating ice conditions, we had to be dropped off a few miles north of the glacier on the fiord itself, so the first day was spent walking over the sea ice just to get to the glacier itself.

Route from Broughton Island to Pangnirtung via Coronation Glacier.

We really weren't certain what to expect at the mouth of the glacier, but it turned out to be straight-forward to skirt up the left side and avoid the crumbling ice blocks at the terminus. For the next week we were never more than a rope length apart as we spent the days working our way up Coronation to the bizarre landscape of the Ice Cap itself. Not long after starting out, I went to pull the sun screen out of my pack only to realize that I had instead packed a tube of insect repellent by mistake... Nice. The sun on a glacier is unbelievably strong and we were getting so burned we were forced to smear ash from the stove on our faces, which actually worked rather well, although we ended up looking like maniacs.

Me on the Left; Dave on the Right.

Once we passed over the Ice Cap, we took a route down Highway Glacier to Akshayuk Pass in the Auyuittuq National Park then on to Pangnirtung.

This entry really just covers the most basic details of the trip; I'm still going to put something together that fills in the details (hopefully with Dave's input), but I couldn't let the anniversary go by without a least acknowledging it.

Scatter plot of Tweets - Tweets by Hour and Day of Week

The most interesting aspect of this project is that, other than the static files being served up by xefer.com itself, no other server-side processing is being done here; all the processing is being handled by Yahoo Pipes and Google, and of course Twitter itself which is ultimately hosting the raw data.

The initial gathering of data is pretty slow, but subsequent runs are faster because of Yahoo's caching of the generated output.

The client-side javascript processing the raw data for Google Charts is here.

Update: times should now be displayed in local time, not GMT. Thanks Andy for pointing out the issue.

"The Good Cop" is part of the short story collection, once in a blue moon publish by the acorn book company. It's available from Amazon UK but used copies can probably be found in the U.S.

The full text of the story was published online by The Guardian back in April, 2004.

Currently, the “Barneo” camp located [on] drifting ice flow close to the North Pole point has a 500 people capacity in the period April-May. From next year, the camp will be extended to handle up to 3000 (!?!?!) people.

My God, this is turning into a bigger farce than Mount Everest.

In a related story maybe they won't be able to stay very long anyway:

The North Pole is at the moment covered only by one-year old ice, all of which will melt in the course of summer.

But nobody knows how the walrus that frequent Foxe Basin will react to the year-round presence of enormous freighters, up to 135,000 tonnes, that could become a daily sight by 2014 if the company's plans become reality.

Igloolik was the setting for the movie Atanarjuat.

This is one of those events that is utterly inconcievable today: though he had been shot in the chest, he refused medical attention and demanded to give the speech he had arrived to make. He carried on extemporaneously for 50 minutes waving the bloodied notes of the speech he was going to make before finally heading to the hospital.

The New York Times. October 15th, 1912

Here is a search for all articles from the New York Times historical archives that contain "Roosevelt" for October 15, 1912, the day after the assassination attempt.

Some of the highlights:

SPEECH ROOSEVELT MADE WHILE WOUNDED.; Talking for 50 Minutes, Without Waiting for His Wound to Be Dressed, the Colonel Says He is Uninterested in Whether He is Shot or Not, and That His Concern is for Many Other Things and Not in the Least for His Own Life.

MILWAUKEE, Oct. 14. -- Col. Roosevelt spoke fifty minutes at the Auditorium after being wounded.

Bullet In Right Breast, Doctors Say Wound Is Not Serious.; LUNG NOT PENETRATED

MILWAUKEE, October 14. -- Col. Theodore Roosevelt was shot and wounded in the right breast in front of the Hotel Gilpatrick shortly before 8 o'clock to-night. Col. Roosevelt was about to enter his automobile to go to the Auditorium for his evening address, when a man rushed up and fired at close range.

Manly stuff.

Incidentally, I recently discovered that Martin Scorsese is making a movie based on probably the best book ever written about him, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. The book chronicles Roosevelt's life up to the time he became president upon McKinley's assassination.

The Classic MiniBob

As some old ad copy puts it:

THE MINI-BOB: the Seventies version of family fun. Easier than skiing, more mirth then sledding. Lightweight. Portable. Made of high density polyethylene. Fire-engine red with black vinyl seat.

Segment of a Gimbles Department Store Ad.
New York Times. December 17, 1970

They were the sledding version of the Big Wheel—but at least that toy has the dignity of its own Wikipedia page; by contrast, the MiniBob seems to have sunk into total oblivion. It has always been a mystery to me why they are no longer available. At some point there just weren’t any around anymore and nobody seemed to know why. I recall rumors of them having been recalled for being too dangerous, but who really knows? Perhaps it was just the memory of my father going over a jump on one—and the handle snapping off in mid-flight, leaving him to land in a mangled heap.

This ad clip indicates that they were available from a company called Recreonics, Inc.:

(See picture below)

There is still a company by that name that makes pool and other aquatic recreational equipment, but it’s unclear if this is the same company.

An American Patent for the MiniBob, i.e., TOBOGGAN OR SLED US Pat. 3522952 - Filed Mar 19, 1969, references a Norwegian patent from January, 1968. Presumably then, Recreonics Inc., was either licensing the manufacture of the MiniBob on their own or were perhaps simply distributing them for some European company.

Patent No. 3522952

Looking through The New York Times archives reveals only a single reference to a company by that name in the early 1970s – in a marriage announcement from May 13, 1973. At the time the groom was “the predisent of Recreonics, Inc. of Boston, manufacturers of leisure equipment such as inflatable boasts, and […] vice president of the parent company, Great American Industries, Inc.”

Interesting… so Recreonics was, by 1973 at least, a subsidiary of GAI. There is exactly one article available on Google with those two companies together: it mentions that GAI closed Recreonics in 1973 in a bit of consolidation. Could this be the real reason behind the MiniBob’s disappearance?

A bit more old ad copy:

Unrestrained Family Mirth—for only $14.95

Amazingly, the MiniBob seems to be making a bit of a comeback—in parts of Europe anyway, where it is also called a "Zipflbob." Some ski resorts feature Zipflbob/MiniBob runs and there is even a competitive racing circuit. Here is a video of Bücherl Werner's record 139km/h run.

And look: they can now be purchased directly from Amazon Germany—though the price has gone up a bit, € 25,77 (not including delivery):

The MiniBob at Amazon Germany. Put one on your Wunschzettel today.

They look a bit more well-crafted than the classic model, but since nobody has had the good sense to make them available in the U.S. as far as I can tell, I may have to get one shipped over.

Take this example from a recent article on foreclosures in the Chicago area:

Each red square represents a single property under foreclosure. The problem is that distortion of scale presents the problem as being much worse than it may be. At the scale of the of the image above (approximately 13 pixels per mile) each red marker represents a square of approximately 400 feet on a side. It's enough to make it appear that the entire city about to go bankrupt. That sea of red certainly elicits a sense of an emergency.

Satellite imagery from the MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Rapid Response Project which shows near real time heat anomalies (most often associated with fires), has been used to raise awareness of slash and burn deforestation techniques.

Image courtesy of MODIS Rapid Response Project at NASA/GSFC

At this scale though each pixel represents around 1000 square miles. Looking at the image its not hard to imagine that the entire world is aflame.

Perhaps most exaggerated of all though has to be the images that are typically given to show the accumulation of "space junk"—remnants of space flights and defunct satellites, etc.

In this image each pixel represents approximately 114 miles; so a piece of debris the size of a car is marked with a point the size of Long Island - easily a 6 order of magnitude exaggeration.

"The Map is not the Territory."

Among the reader comments was this bit of grotesquery, so vivid it borders on the poetic:

Dr Livingstone wrote that Africans he encountered were aware that consciousness is not lost immediately. He recounts how they bent a springy sapling and tied cords from it under the ears of a man to be decapitated so that his last few moments of awareness would be of flying through the air.

John Rudge, Harlington, Middlesex

Holy cow! Could this possibly be true? After a bit of research I have to conclude that the ceremony described actually did happen—though I found no evidence that Dr. Livingstone reported this, nor that the victim was assumed to be aware of his final “journey” towards the heavens. More than likely Mr. Rudge had conflated scenes from descriptions given in modern biographies of Henry Morton Stanley (not David Livingstone.)

The first public descriptions of this style of execution come from the ethnologist Walter Hough:

A Bayanzi execution

In executing, the condemned is made to sit down on a block just behind a post, his limbs passing on each side of it. The post reaches to the height of his chin. His arms, legs, and body are tied to stakes. A strong sapling is bent down, having at its extremity a collar suspended by cords. This collar is placed around the victim's neck, producing so great tension, that, when the executioner delivers the blow, the severed head is thrown into the air with the force of a bomb.

The circumstance which forms the subject of this paper was witnessed in November, 1884, at Loukolela, by Mr. E. J. Glave. […] So far as known by the writer, this is the first time that an account of the Bayanzi or a similar execution has ever been published. (From a letter dated June 9th 1887.)

Science, Vol. 9, No. 229. (Jun. 24, 1887)

And again, a few months later, Hough writes:

Notes on the Ethnology of the Congo

It is really in bad taste to describe an execution, but life there is so cheap and the Congo- African way of relieving a man of his head so unique that it will bear description. In order to give an éclat suitable to African taste, and to render the feat of decapitating with the weapon possible, the victim is secured to a seat and a strong sapling bent down and fastened by means of cords and a collar around his neck; then, while his neck is taut the high executioner delivers the blow, and the severed head is thrown into the air like a bomb.

The American Naturalist, Vol. 21, No. 8. (Aug., 1887)

E. J. Glave, mentioned by Hough above, did not write publicly about these events until an April, 1890 article for Century Magazine. Glave,who was only 18-years old at the time, was an adventure seeker who had been left in charge of the Loukolela camp by Stanley himself on his journey up the Congo River. Glave writes:

Slave Trade in the Gongo Basin

A Pole is now planted about ten feet in front of the victim, from the top of which is suspended, by a number of strings, a bamboo ring. The pole is bent over like a fishing-rod, and the ring fastened round the slaves neck, which is kept rigid and stiff by the tension.

An unearthly silence succeeds. The executioner wears a cap composed of black cocks feathers; his face and neck are blackened with charcoal, except the eyes, the lids of which are painted with white chalk. The hands and arms to the elbow, and feet and legs to the knee, are also blackened. His legs are adorned profusely with broad metal anklets, and around his waist are strung wild-cat skins. As he performs a wild dance around his victim, every now and then making a feint with his knife, a murmur of admiration arises from the assembled crowd. He then approaches and makes a thin chalk mark on the neck of the fated man. After two or three passes of his knife,.to get the right swing, he delivers the fatal blow, and with one stroke of his keen-edged weapon severs the head from the body. The sight of blood brings to a climax the frenzy of the natives: some of them savagely puncture the quivering trunk with their spears, others hack at it with their knives, while the remainder engage in a ghastly struggle for the possession of the head, which has been jerked into the air by the released tension of the sapling. As each man obtains the trophy, and is pursued by the drunken rabble, the hideous tumult becomes deafening; they smear one anothers faces with blood, and fights always spring tip as a result, when knives and spears are freely used.

The Century Magazine, Volume 39, Issue 6. (Apr. 1890)

Herbert Ward, a companion of Stanley, wrote a description for Scribner's Magazine several months earlier. It is unclear if Ward actually witness these events, but the text is so similar to Glave's (who is shown to have been a witness in 1884 by Hough above) one can only assume Ward had been given access to Glave's notes or his letters to contemporaries (perhaps Stanley himself.)

Life Among the Congo Savages

The victim is placed on a block of wood, with his legs stretched out stiff in front of him. Beside each ankle a small stake is driven firmly into the ground, the same at the knees and at the sides, running up under the arm-pits. These are then firmly bound together by cords, securing the body rigidly in its position. His head is then placed in a kind of cage formed by a ring of cane fastened round the neck with numerous strings attached to it which are drawn up over the head and tied together in a loop. A pliant young sapling is now stuck in the ground about twelve feet from the victim and bent over toward him until the extreme end is caught in the loop, and all the strings round the ring are drawn taut and the neck stretched stiff by the strain.

The executioner then makes his appearance, escorted by the young men and women of the village, each holding over him a palm-leaf, forming a kind of canopy. On reaching the victim they fall back and leave him there alone. He wears a cap formed of large black cock’s tails; his face is blackened with charcoal down to the neck; his hands and arms are also blackened up to the elbows, and the same with his legs down to the knees. Around his loins he wears several wildcat skins. Standing in front of his victim, he makes at first two or three feints with his knife, to get a proper swing. Then, deliberately bending down and taking a piece of chalk, put there for the purpose, he draws a thin line around the neck, and putting a little fine sand on his hand so as to get a good grip, with one quick blow with his knife, severs the head from the trunk. Until just before the execution the whole village is wild in expectation of the event. Groups of dancers are to be seen, drummers at work, and every kind of musical instrument to add to the tumult. The head, after being severed, is jerked up in the air by the released tension of the pole.

Scribner's Magazine, Volume 7, Issue 2. (February 1890)

In a biography of Stanley, "The Man Who Presumed", (1957) the author, Byron Farwell, describes this same execution technique though this time witnessed by yet a third acquaintance of Stanley, Lieutenant Alphonse Vangele, at the Equator station, near to Glave's camp.

In the same passage Farwell relates another anecdote of Herbert Ward (mentioned above):

Herbert Ward, another of Stanley's officers, recorded seeing a similar ceremony. Just before one of the slaves was to be decapitated, however, a relative of the dead chief came up to the doomed slave and gave his a message to relay to the spirit of the departed. He concluded his message with: "... and tell him when you meet, that his biggest war canoe, which I inherit, is rotten."

Ward himself had written about this event in his book A Voice from the Congo (1910), p. 162.

So, finally what does this say about the comment from Mr. Rudge of Harlington, Middlesex? It seems clear to me that he got the core of the story correct, just accidentally confused Livingstone with Stanley. And that dark bit of poetry about the victim's "last few moments of awareness would be of flying through the air" was possibly a conflation of the Ward anecdote to with the more extreme beheading story.

Is this emerging meme driven by angst from the current housing downturn, or is it the start of a bigger trend? Interestingly, neither article explicitly mentions New Urbanism but both articles hint at forces pointing towards that model.

The Atlantic piece though does include a side-bar reference to the article "Towards a New Urbanism" from 2000. It features and interview with the authors of the book Suburban Nation which I found very illuminating.

The Interrocolon

Does the name sound mildly proctological? Yes—that's part of its charm. Does the world need this? No. Regardless, there is a situation that comes up quite often where the conventional menu of marks seems somehow lacking: when the direct object of an interrogative statement references an example, a URL or another statement in a follow-on block of text. This is especially true when using text messaging, but comes up in technical documents, etc. In the following statement, for example, the direct object “this” would seem to be the focus of the question:

Actually though, it could very well be in reference to the next statement, which may not even be present—text messaging being the most obvious example. A colon would draw attention to the fact that there is follow-on text; replacing the question mark with a colon makes the question implied but seems somehow less forceful. Using a colon after the question mark better reflects what is desired, but this is generally frowned upon:

None of these possibilities have ever seemed right to me. I've always itched for something else to turn to. What we really want here is a combination of a question mark and a colon, that is, an interrocolon. The name is of course derivative of the otherwise loathsome interrobang.

What should this mark look like? The question mark and colon can’t be combined effectively as was attempted (poorly) with the interrobang. One possibility would be to revive the progenitor of the question mark itself, the medieval punctus interrogativus¹,²:

Another possibility is to use a comma in place of the dot in a question mark, let's call it an "interrocomma":

¹The punctus interrogativus here was produced using the font Andron, which implements the proposed medieval font extensions to Unicode defined here.

²An example of this mark can be seen here:

From: M. B. Parkes. Pause and Effect: Punctuation in the West. 1993.

abecedarium [a-b-c-d]: a primer for teaching the alphabet itself.

element [l-m-n]: from Latin elementum, perhaps ultimately from lmn, first three letters of the second half of the Canaanite alphabet, recited by ancient scribes when learning it.

egesta, dejecta, sharn, stale, skite, dynga, ordure, oriental sulfur, occidental sulfur, carbon humanum

the author mentions a number of “classic” texts on the subject:

The Secrets of Physicke, London, 1633^1,2
Drek-Apothek, Christian Franz Paullini, Frankfurt, 1696 (German)
Chylologia Historico-Medica, Martin Schurig, Dresden, 1725 (Latin)
Scatalogic Rites of All Nations, John Bourke, Washington D.C., 1891

All of the books are available at Google Books in one form or another.

From A Storehouse of Physicall and Philosophicall Secrets

¹ This book contains instructions for the preparation of "oyles" for the treatment of various conditions such as epilepsy, cankers and hangovers that involve feces and ground-up skull:

To di∫till oyle of a mans Excrements

Take the doung of a yong ſanguine childe or man, as much as you will, and diſtill it twiſe in a Limbecke of glaſſe. This helpeth the Canker and mollifieth Fiſtulaes: comforteth thoſe that are troubled with Allopecia.

The make Oyle of the skull of a man.

Take the skull of a man that was never buried, and beate it into powder, then diſtill it againe, and this you ſhall doe three times upone the feces, and at the laſt give it ſtrong fire, untill the oyle be come forth: the which ye ſhall ſeparate by Balneo, and keepe it cloſe ſhut in a glaſſe. The doſe is three graines, againſt the falling ſickneſſe. Ye ſhall underſtand, that there is alſo a ſalt to be drawn forth of the feces, the which is of great vertue againſt the aforeſaid diſeaſes being drunke with wine, as is aforeſaid.

² The edition available at Google Books is actually called “A Storehouse of Physicall and Philosophicall Secrets” and is attributed to the great 16th century alchemist Paracelsus. The only place I saw it listed with the name given above was in a footnote in the Bourke book, where I suspect Kaufman gathered most of his historical digression. It took some digging to find the actual text. Interestingly, Paracelsus is nowhere mentioned in the Storehouse text. A bit more searching revealed that this book had originally been published in 1575. The details behind this attribution are given in Bibliographical Notes on Histories of Inventions and Books of Secrets, Fifth Supplement, p130-132.

by Neil Shubin

The reason I picked up this book can ultimately be attributed to a remark in Jennifer Clack's more scholarly "Gaining Ground", perhaps the definitive exploration of the rise of tetrapods. It was something to the effect of "it's hard to look at your limbs and not think of fins." This book's title spoke to just those feelings (which I shared.)

Neil Shubin is in fact a colleague of Clack's, who managed to secure his place in the annals of paleontology by discovering what has been wildly hailed as a true example of the transition to limbed creatures, the Tiktaalik. (See this excellent graphic showing the evolution of the limb.)

Shubin expresses the same obvious delight as Clack in describing his discoveries. He uses the example of the Tiktaalik as a launching point to tell a very compact history of the evolution of the human body. Moving forward through time to show, in just one example, the development of the middle ear bones from the jaw and gill bones of fish; and back through time to show man's intimate relationship to the very simplest life forms through our shared Hox genes, which direct embryonic development.

Much of this ground has been covered before, for example, in Dawkin's recent Ancestor's Tale, but this short work also manages to capture some of the adventure and thrill of being a working paleontologist.

I had better hurry up and visit the Barnes Ice Cap.